hPIV is associated with upper respiratory tract infection in children less than 5 years of age. In general hPIV infections are mild and self-limiting but may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised children and adults. hPIV infections are encountered worldwide throughout the year.
Parainfluenza Virus RNA
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Parainfluenza Virus RNA
Human parainfluenza viruses (hPIV) are RNA viruses and are a common cause of upper or lower respiratory illnesses in children and adults.
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Clinical Details
There are four main human serotypes of hPIV: hPIV-1, hPIV-2, hPIV-3, and hPIV-4. hPIV-1 and hPIV-2 are most often associated with laryngotracheitis/croup in children. hPIV-3 is most often associated with bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. hPIV-4 may cause mild to severe respiratory tract infections.
Common symptoms include fever, runny nose, and cough but may also present with croup, which typically presents with a barking cough, hoarsness and stridor; bronchitis; bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Patients may occasionally experience sore throats, sneezing, ear pain, decreased appetite and rarely extrapulmonary manifestations may occur.
hPIVs spread via direct contact with infectious respiratory droplets or by airborne spread. The incubation period is generally 2-7 days.
Case Study
Delivering True Innovation
At Enfer Medical, we have integrated a cutting-edge and fully automated WASPLab® (Walk Away Specimen Processor) that has significantly enhanced our testing capabilities to ensure the highest of quality when processing patient samples.
Our Services
Service
Health & Wellness
General health and wellness testing can include a variety of tests, depending on the needs of the individual or recommendations of
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Service
Sexual Health
Regular STI screening facilitates early treatment and reduces the long-term consequences of infection.
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Service
Respiratory Health
Rapid early pathogen identification has important treatment and infection control implications. See our range of tests here.
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Service
Reproductive & Female Health
Hormonal analysis is hugely beneficial to identifying problems that can arise during the reproductive years.
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Sample Type &
Volume Required
Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) placed in up to 3 mL of viral transport media, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or sputum (collected in a sterile universal container).
Enfer Medical
Tests/Assays
The test for Parainfluenza Virus offered by Enfer Medical is carried out by real-time multiplexed PCR, as part of an extended respiratory panel. This test is CE-IVD certified.
Panel Tests
The pathogens detected on this panel are:
| Viruses | Bacteria |
| Adenovirus | Bordetella parapertussis |
| Coronavirus (229E, HKU1, NL63, OC43) | Bordetella pertussis |
| SARS-CoV-2 | Chlamydia pneumoniae |
| Human Metapneumovirus | Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| Human Rhinovirus/Enterovirus | |
| Influenza A (H1, H3, H1-2009) | |
| Influenza B | |
| Parainfluenza Virus (PIV-1, PIV-2, PIV-3, PIV-4) | |
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
Patient
Request Form
For clients using the Enfer Medical Client Portal, the Enfer Medical Patient Request Form (PRF) will be generated when you have completed your “Test Request” within the portal linked below.
Please note that samples suspected of containing high risk pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis should be clearly identified on the form and packed separately from other samples.
24 hours
Results are available next working day.
7 Days a Week
This assay is available seven days a week.
Packaging
The packaging/preparation of samples for delivery to the laboratory are required to be in adherence to all national regulations for the safe transport of biological materials. HSE guidance can be reviewed HERE.
There are specific packaging instructions and labelling requirements requiring triple packaging including:
- Primary leak-proof container – tube or vial containing the sample.
- Secondary watertight container, with absorbent material, intended to protect the primary container.
- Outer container protects the secondary container.
- Patient Request forms must be placed between the secondary container and the outer shipping container.
Further information on the packaging/preparation of samples for delivery to the laboratory is contained within the Enfer Medical Laboratory User Manual which clients are provided with.
Storage & Stability
Samples must be tested within 4 hours of collection if stored at room temperature. Samples must be tested within 3 days of collection if stored at 2-8°C.
Transporting
Samples
Samples
In addition to the packaging of samples, the transport/delivery of clinical samples to the laboratory is required to be in adherence to all national regulations for the safe transport of biological materials. Enfer Medical provides a fully compliant logistics service, aligned with clients’ testing requirements.
Prompt transport of specimens:
To ensure prompt testing of samples and release of results within the published test turnaround times, samples should arrive to the laboratory by 18:00. Test turnaround time is measured from receipt of the sample at the laboratory until the time the authorised results are reported to users.
Acceptance/Rejection
of Samples
of Samples
In rare cases specimens may not be suitable for testing on arrival to the laboratory. In that case the sample will be rejected at the receipt stage and the service user will be notified immediately and an explanation as to why the sample could not be processed will be provided. Reasons why samples cannot be processed include but are not limited to:
- Samples received beyond the stability limits and/or not at the correct temperature indicated for each test.
- Incorrect sample type received.
- Leaking samples, sample not received or sample insufficient for analysis as stated below within sample requirements.
- Non-compliant samples or request forms i.e. those missing sample date information, missing sample test request and/or missing sample site/type information.
- Samples received without the necessary patient identifiers.
Clients will be provided with guidance on Sample Receipt Anomalies.
Our Services
Service
Health & Wellness
General health and wellness testing can include a variety of tests, depending on the needs of the individual or recommendations of
Find Out More
Service
Sexual Health
Regular STI screening facilitates early treatment and reduces the long-term consequences of infection.
Find Out More
Service
Respiratory Health
Rapid early pathogen identification has important treatment and infection control implications. See our range of tests here.
Find Out More
Service
Reproductive & Female Health
Hormonal analysis is hugely beneficial to identifying problems that can arise during the reproductive years.
Find Out More
Result Values:
Qualitative results will be reported for each pathogen as:
Qualitative results
- DETECTED
- NOT DETECTED
- INVALID
Accessing
Your Results
Following receipt at the Laboratory, results should be available on the next working day and will be reported to the referring clinician via the Enfer Medical Client Portal or in a format agreed with clients.
Established clients can login to the portal using the link above.